Predatory and Industrial Societies

· LM Publishers
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72
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About this ebook

A glance at the respective antecedents of individual organisms and social organisms shows why the last admit of no such definite classification as the first. Through a thousand generations a species of plant or animal leads substantially the same kind of life; and its successive members inherit the acquired adaptations. When changed conditions cause divergences of forms once alike, the accumulating differences arising in descendants only superficially disguise the original identity do not prevent the grouping of the several species into a genus; nor do wider divergences that began earlier prevent the grouping of genera into orders and orders into classes. It is otherwise with societies. Hordes of primitive men, dividing and subdividing, do, indeed, show us successions of small social aggregates leading like lives, inheriting such low structures as had resulted, and repeating those structures. But higher social aggregates propagate their respective types in much less decided ways. Though colonies tend to grow like their parents, yet the parent societies are so comparatively plastic, and the influences of new habitats on the derived societies are so great, that divergences of structure are inevitable. In the absence of definite organizations, established during the similar lives of many societies descending one from another, there cannot be the precise distinctions implied by complete classification.

Two cardinal kinds of differences there are, however, of which we may avail ourselves for grouping societies in a natural manner. Primarily we may arrange them, according to their degrees of composition, as simple, compound, doubly-compound, trebly-compound; and, secondarily, though in a less specific way, we may divide them into the predominantly predatory and the predominantly industrial those in which the organization for offense and defense is most largely developed and those in which the sustaining organization is most largely developed...

Social evolution begins with small, simple aggregates; that it progresses by the clustering of these into larger aggregates; and that, after consolidating, such clusters are united with others like themselves into still larger aggregates. Our classification, then, must begin with societies of the first or simplest order.

A glance at the respective antecedents of individual organisms and social organisms shows why the last admit of no such definite classification as the first. Through a thousand generations a species of plant or animal leads substantially the same kind of life; and its successive members inherit t...

About the author

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), philosophe, économiste et sociologue anglais fut l’un des premiers théoriciens du libéralisme. Il est aujourd’hui presque oublié bien qu’il connût de son vivant une renommée internationale. Après la révolution russe et la Première Guerre mondiale, sa doctrine qualifiée à tort de «darwinisme social», très critiquée par les partisans de l’état-providence, tombe peu à peu dans l’indifférence générale. À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ses théories sont redécouvertes par le prix Nobel d’économie, le néolibéral Friedrich Hayek. Aujourd’hui Spencer est principalement connu pour ses essais politiques. Il est fréquemment cité par les penseurs libéraux comme Robert Nozick ou Milton Friedmann, et beaucoup de dirigeants politiques et économiques font référence à ses écrits pour légitimer les politiques de déréglementation ou de «réforme de l’État». Récupérée un peu rapidement par les tenants d’un libéralisme débridé, la pensée d’Herbert Spencer a été souvent caricaturée et mérite une lecture plus attentive.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), philosophe, économiste et sociologue anglais fut l’un des premiers théoriciens du libéralisme. Il est aujourd’hui presque oublié bien qu’il connût de son vivant une renommée internationale. Après la révolution russe et la Première Guerre mondiale, sa doctrine qualifié...

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