Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822) was a writer, artist and composer, and one of the major figures of the German Romantic movement. Hoffmann qualified in law and held posts in the Prussian bureaucracy, moving between Berlin, Warsaw and smaller provincial cities. A tendency to dissolution and a scandal caused by his military caricatures hampered his official career, but his work as a writer and composer drew increasing praise and attention. Eventually, in 1814, he left employment so as to collaborate with theatre and opera companies, and from this point published his most famous collections of stories.
Hoffmann's drinking kept pace with his renown, however, and he died of complications from syphilis and alcohol abuse aged only 46. His darkly imaginative works are still celebrated as foundational texts of modern sci-fi, fantasy and horror. His writing inspired Freud and has been adapted many times, notably in two famous ballets, The Nutcracker and Coppélia, and to create Offenbach's opera The Tales of Hoffmann.
John Thomas Bealby (1858-1944), a scholar at Cambridge, was a translator and an expert on Central Asia. He was also an editor of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) was a Scottish historian and philosopher, and one of the dominant intellectual figures of the Victorian era. He wrote prolifically but is best remembered for his history of the French Revolution.