This second edition of Michael Ray’s groundbreaking work explores the lives of the alien soldiers and officials who were instrumental in preventing the barons and their French allies from seizing the throne from King John, and after his death in 1216 from his son Henry III. This whole period marks a pronounced awareness of the Englishness of those born in England. This book shows how some of them accumulated considerable rewards, some weathered prejudice and became fully assimilated, while others never established firm roots in England. What stands out in every case is that these aliens repaid the kings with loyalty and efficiency.
This second edition of Michael Ray’s groundbreaking work explores the lives of the alien soldiers and officials who were instrumental in preventing the barons and their French allies from seizing the throne from King John, and after his death in 1216 from his son Henry III. This whole period mark...